Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management (ATFCM) activities, coordinated by the Central Flow Management Unit (CFMU), hold aircraft on the ground, preventing airborne delays during which fuel is burnt and emissions are produced. On the other hand, during hold-on-ground delays, extended use of aircraft engines in idle mode or Auxiliary Power Unit impact local air quality.
ENVISA assessed the environmental impact of the ATFCM motivated “hold-on-ground” delays in terms of environmental costs and benefits compared to their possible airborne substitutes (holding stacks or traffic rerouting). The study examined two scenarios: